Nicotinamide Increases Intracellular NAD+ Content to Enhance Autophagy-Mediated Group A Streptococcal Clearance in Endothelial Cells
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a versatile pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans.Invading host cells is a known strategy for GAS to avoid antibiotic killing and immune recognition.However, the underlying mechanisms of GAS resistance to intracellular killing need to be explored.Endothelial HMEC-1 cells were infected with GAS, me